1. Préface
Les systèmes de toiture peuvent généralement être divisés ensystèmes de toit en penteetsystèmes de toit plat. Avec le développement continu de nouveaux matériaux de toiture, les tuiles pour toits en pente — en particulierCarreaux de Ciment colorés — have become a new type of roofing material that conforms to national environmental protection policiesethelps protect land resourcesetthe ecological environment. Due to their advantages such as bright colors, uniform texture, stable dimensions, diverse profiles, high strength, good durabilityetimpermeability, they have become the choix courant pour les bâtiments résidentielsdans des projets de toiture modernes en Chine.
2. TypesetDevelopment of Tiles for Sloped Roofs
2.1 Clay TilesetGlazed Tiles
Clay tilesetglazed tiles for sloped roofs have a long history in China. Today, their application is limited except for special projects such as antique buildingsettemples in cities, mainly for the following three reasons:
a. High energy consumptionetserious air pollution during production. The biggest problem is the consommation des ressources des terres agricoles. Parmi eux, les carreaux en terre cuite ont étéexplicitement interditpar l'État.b. High-temperature firing inevitably causes deformationetmicro-cracks. Deformation results in an unevenetunaesthetic roof surface; micro-cracks are prone to water penetration. In low-temperature winter conditions, water inside the cracks freezesetexpands, worsening cracksetreducing service life.c. Both clay tilesetglazed tiles have a small single-piece area, requiring a large number of tilesetmany overlaps per unit area. The typical weight exceeds 55kg/m². Les tuiles en terre cuite absorbent beaucoup d’eau, ce qui augmente encore la charge sur le toit les jours de pluie. 2.2 Bardeaux d'asphalte
For a period, many largeetmedium-sized cities saw a boom in “flat-to-sloped roof conversion”, significantly improving urban landscapes. The main material used was asphalt shingles, whose biggest advantages are light weightetvarious colors. However, they also have the following shortcomings:
un. Bardeaux d'asphaltevieillir facilement, avec une durée de vie d'une dizaine d'années seulement.b. Ils sont fixés par collage plus clouage. S'ils sont acceptables sur des toitures en bois contre le vent, ils reposent principalement sur l'adhérence sur des toitures en béton coulé sur place en raison d'un clouage difficile. Une liaison insuffisante conduit souvent àwind upliftetfailurepar vent fort.c. Mauvaise ignifugation. Après que le gouvernement ait interdit la production de tuiles en terre cuite, de petites usines privées de tuiles colorées se sont développées rapidement dans toute la Chine, se comptant désormais par milliers. La délivrance de la norme industrielleJC 746‑1999 in 1999 further promoted the development of carreaux de ciment colorés. Their rapid popularization in China is attributed to the following advantages:
a. Main raw materials are cementetsand, sans occuper les ressources foncières. Production features low energy consumptionetno smoke pollution.b. High strength, good compactness, low water absorptionetlong service life. In addition, the large single-piece area greatly reduces the number of tiles per unit area compared with clayetglazed tiles, resulting in charge de toit plus légèreethigher installation efficiency.c. Le durcissement ne nécessite qu'environ 40 °C sans cuisson à haute température, ce qui conduit àpetite déformationeta neat, attractive roof surface.d. Diverse profilesetcolors. Colors can be solid-surface, multi-layered, full-body solid-color or full-body mixed-color, providing architects with abundant options.e. A surface sealant prevents secondary efflorescence of concrete. The sealant is normally mold-resistantetself-cleaning, keeping the surface from darkening or moss growth. Colors mixed with iron oxide pigments remain stable for decades, whereas paint-coated colors typically fade within a few years.f. Haute efficacité de production. La vitesse de production la plus rapide au monde a été atteinte120 tuiles par minuteetis approaching 140. Fully automated production from material feeding to finished product packaging is achievable.
3. ClassificationetCharacteristics of Colored Cement Tiles
Les carreaux de ciment colorés comprennenttuiles de champ (tuiles principales), ridge tilesetvarious accessory tiles. Although field tiles are diverse, they mainly fall into three categories: corrugated tiles, S‑shaped tilesetflat tiles.
3.1 Tuiles ondulées
Corrugated tiles feature an arched waveform with tight matchingetgood symmetry. Upperetlower tiles can be laid in straight or staggered patterns. Due to their low profile, they can be used not only on roofs but also as decorative elements on walls close to 90°, achieving a unique style.
3.2 Tuiles en forme de S
Known as Spanish tiles in Europe, they have a large archeta standard S‑shaped cross-section, providing much stronger three‑dimensional effect than corrugated tiles.Using S‑shaped tiles with different colorsetlaying methods can express both modernetclassical Chinese architectural styles. For example, black S‑shaped tiles on Ming‑ or Qing‑style residences create a fresh, antique atmosphere. 3.3 Tuiles plates
Ce profil a été le plus populaire aux États-Unis au cours de la dernière décennie en tant que profilremplacement amélioré des bardeaux d'asphalte. They are colorfuletneat, resembling asphalt shingles from afaretshowing stronger stereoscopic effectetartistry up close.Rows can be laid neatly or regularly staggered to create different artistic styles. Compared with asphalt shingles, they are solid, heavy, wind-resistant, hail-resistantetnon-aging. Selon les procédés de production, les carreaux plats sont subdivisés en :
3.3.1 Tuiles plates simulées par de la pierre
Smooth surface with full‑body mixed color resembling stone grain, matching well with “cultural stone” walls for an antique, solemn look. Coated types with smooth surfaces prevent dust adhesionetare self-cleaning during rain.
3.3.2 Tuiles plates simulées à grain de bois
Coloré dans la masse avec des textures ressemblant au bois scié, donnant une impression visuelle douce et semblable à celle du bois.
3.3.3 Tuiles plates en deux parties
A deep middle groove makes each tile appear as two small tiles, suitable for complex villa roofs. Available in full‑body mixed coloretsurface-coated types.
3.3.4 Tuiles plates Yin‑Yang
Developed from double‑piece tiles with a special process: one side glossy, the other matte, producing distinct lightetshade effects under sunlight. Only available in full‑body color.
3.3.5 Tuiles plates Aigle
Developed by Eagle Tile Co. of the US-based Burlingham Tile Group. Separated by two grooves into three sections: flat middleetraised stripes on both sides, presenting an elegant, noble appearance.
3.3.6 Tuiles plates Flying Eagle
Surface features raised stripes of varying spacingetsize, resembling strings of a musical instrument, sometimes called “string-style flat tiles”.
3.3.7 Tuiles plates Double Aigle
Amélioré à partir des tuiles Flying Eagle avec une rainure centrale supplémentaire, apparaissant sous la forme de deux petits morceaux.
Eagle, Flying EagleetDouble Eagle series are similar in style, all full‑body mixed-color,etcan be combined to create novel, distinctive sloped roofs.
4. SelectionetApplication of Colored Cement Tiles
When selectingetapplying carreaux de ciment colorés, functional performance must be carefully considered.
4.1 RainproofingetLeak Prevention
Leakage sometimes occurs with carreaux de ciment colorés, related not only to productetconstruction quality but also structure de profil de tuile.Double-water-channel tiles are wide, thinetfragile. Under the same force, the moment at the channel base is more than deux foiscelui des dalles monocanal, ce qui les rend beaucoup plus susceptibles de se briser.Workers inevitably step on tiles during installation. Damaged channels are hiddenethard to detect, leading to difficult-to-locate leaks.De plus, les nervures latérales des carreaux à double canal sont souvent trop basses (parfois inférieures à 2 mm), ne répondant pas aux exigences.≥3 mmexigence de JC 746‑1999, ce qui entraîne de mauvaises performances d'étanchéité. En revanche, les carreaux monocanal présentent des joints au niveaupoint le plus haut de la côte, with tight, small gaps forming an “S‑shaped” joint. They are wind-resistantetallow very little water into the channel, preventing leakage.Les carreaux double canal ont des joints à mi-pente de la nervure, avec arrivée d'eau20 à 30 fois higher, making them highly vulnerable to leakage during heavy rainetstrong wind. Impermeability also depends greatly on density. Low-density tiles absorb wateretmay allow rain to penetrate through the tile body. High-density tiles remain waterproof even during prolonged rain.
4.2 Isolation thermique
L'isolation thermique est une fonction importante des couvertures de toiture. Avec l’amélioration du niveau de vie, le confort thermique est devenu un indicateur clé.Le carreau lui-même (seulement 1 cm d’épaisseur environ) offre peu d’isolation. L'isolation dépend principalement de lacouche d'air scelléesous les carreaux : plus l'étanchéité est serrée, meilleure est l'isolation, semblable aux fenêtres à double vitrage. Well-produced tiles with accurate dimensionsetreasonable overlapping form an integral, tightly sealed layer, providing excellent rainproofing, windproofingetthermal insulation.Obsolete double-channel tiles can hardly be sealed tightlyetperform poorly in insulation, with a temperature difference of 3-4°Cpar rapport aux dalles monocanal de haute qualité. 4.3 Effets décoratifs riches
A building’s appearance is like its “clothing”. Colored cement tiles serve as the “outer garment” of a house, with color, profileetinstallation determining its visual appeal. Since this “garment” lasts for decades, careful selection is essential.
4.3.1 Soft, Uniform, MatteetDurable Color
Les carreaux de haute qualité présentent une couleur uniforme sans taches ni décoloration sous les intempéries.Les carreaux de mauvaise qualité provenant de petites usines utilisent souvent de la peinture en aérosol qui se décolle rapidement, laissant une surface inesthétique et marbrée. 4.3.2 Bonne résistance au gel
In northern China, winter temperatures frequently drop below −10 °C. Low-compactness tiles absorb meltwater, which freezesetexpands, spalling the color layeretdamaging the tile.Tiles from small factories usually lack high-pressure compaction, resulting in poor compactnessetshort service life. 4.3.3 Profils élégants et bien proportionnés
High-quality tile profiles are professionally designed for aesthetic harmony. Poorly designed tiles appear rigidetuncomfortable.Premium carreaux de ciment colorés align perfectly in horizontaletsloped lines. Large dimensional errors or warping make neat installation impossible. Even a 2 mm width error per tile accumulates to 20 cm over 100 tiles, causing misalignmentetlarge gaps.
5. Conclusion
Pour les immeubles résidentiels,les toits en pente sont le choix préféré.Among systèmes de toit en pente, colorful carreaux de ciment colorés are the optimal selection.Within carreaux de ciment colorés, la série à canal d'eau unique démontre des performances supérieures. Various carreaux de ciment colorés bring endless charm to complex modern sloped roofs, play an important role in urban beautification,etare widely used in urban architectural complexes with their rich decorative effects.
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